1. What happens to radiant energy that reaches earth from the sun?
It is either absorbed into the Earth's surface or reflects from the Earth's atmosphere or surface, going into space.
2. Name four greenhouse gasses in addition to water vapor.
Carbon dioxide
Chlorofluorocarbons
Methane
Nitrous Oxide
3. How do water vapor and greenhouse gasses contribute to earth’s climate?
Water vapor absorbs some heat energy and greenhouse gasses retains heat on the Earth's surface, and both combined helps keep the climate in control, except in instances of excess of one kind, such as global warming.
4. What are four sources of carbon dioxide?
Aerobic respiration
Pressure and heat from decaying matter into fossil fuels
Human pollution (technology converting fossil fuels)
Volcanoes, living organisms
5. Name three reservoirs for carbon dioxide in addition to the atmosphere.
Living organisms, bodies of water, and soil
6. What are fossil fuels? How are they made?
Fossil fuels are buried remains of ancient plants and microorganisms transformed(made) through heat and pressure for coal, oil and natural gas.
7. Where do plants get the carbon they need to build sugars?
From the CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere
8. Where do animals get the carbon they need to synthesize ATP?
Eating plants
9. How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed over the past 100 years? What effect has this had on the planet’s overall climate?
The rate in which it is increasing, has changed drastically, in a negative aspect; the effect is the increase of the Earth's temperature, therefore global warming.
10. What is the difference in the chemical structure between ADP and ATP?
ADP has 2 Phosphorous bases while ATP has 3 bases
11. How does ATP transfer energy to parts of a cell?
Phosphorylation
12. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
One of the respiration requires Oxygen (aerobic), while the other does not (anaerobic)
13. Where do glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, chemiosmosis, and the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in cells?
Mitochondria or Chloroplast of a eukaryotic cell.
14. What are the final products of glycolysis? (don’t forget the energy carriers)
2 Pyruvic acids, 2 NADH's, and net gain of 2 ATPs
15. What molecule enters the citric acid cycle? (hint: it’s not pyruvic acid)
Acetyl-CoA
16. What are the final products of the citric acid cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP and 2CO2 per pyruvate
17. Where does the electron transport chain get energy from to move H+ ions across the membrane into the inner membrane space?
When an electron is picked up by a protein/handed off to another, it changes shape, and this facilitates the movment of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.
18. Why is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration?
The final electron receptor after breaking down glucose is Oxygen (for the H+ ions) to bond to form H2O
19. How is ATP generated via chemiosmosis? (be sure to explain the role of ATP synthase in your answer)
As hydrogen rush along its concentration gradient through ATP synthase, it uses the energy(oxidative
phosphorylation( of to produce ATP. 3ATPs per NADH and 2ATPs per FADH2
20. How many ATP are produced per NADH? Per FADH2?
3ATPs per NADH and 2ATPs per FADH2
21. How many total ATP are produced from a single glucose molecule during glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration?
38
22. What part of proteins can be metabolized for energy?
Amino acids
23. What part of lipids can be metabolized for energy?
Fatty acids and Glycerol
24. What is the purpose of fermentation? What would happen to cells if they were somehow prevented from doing it?
To oxidize the NADH carriers from glycolysis; if they were prevented from doing fermentation, the glycolysis would stop completely
25. What are stomata? What type of cells make them up?
Stomata are pores on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange (entry for CO2 and release of O2); are made up of guard cells
26. Where does the energy come from for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? Where in chloroplasts do these reactions occur?
Photons of light (mainly the sun); light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids
27. How do the energy carrier molecules synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis compare to those synthesized during cellular respiration?
Similar, except the molecule NADPH, rather than NADH.
28. Where in chloroplasts are glucose molecules synthesized? What process is responsible for their synthesis?
Stroma; Calvin cycle
29. Why is water necessary for photosynthesis? Why is carbon dioxide necessary? Why is sunlight necessary?
Water or H2O is required for the replacement of hydrogen ions along the electron transport chain.
Carbon dioxide is the core molecule to convert into sugars.
Sunlight's solar energy is used for chemical energy
30. How are rubisco and oxaloacetate similar?
Rubisco and Oxaloacetate are similar in that they both are catalysts in the beginning of either the Calvin or Kreb cycle
31. What is transpiration?
Water moving out of the plant via stomatal openings
32. Which types of plants are most vulnerable to photorespiration? Why?
C3 plants; prevention of CO2 from entering which causes photosynthesis to decline.
33. Why are C3 plants better adapted to cool, shady environments while C4 plants are better adapted to hot, sunny environments?
At high temperatures, C3 have reduced photosynthesis ands close their stomata to reduce the rate of water lost; C4 carry an extra enzyme which avoids photorespiration and continues to make sugars
34. Why is growth limited in CAM plants?
In CAM plants, the stomata opens only at night, therefore the CO2 that enters can not immediately be used because it requires energy from the sun for photosynthesis.
35. How does deforestation contribute to global warming?
Reduction of plants increase the amount CO2 in the atmosphere, since there will be less plants to take in the CO2
36. What role does the United States play in global warming?
The US is the largest nation contributing to the greenhouse effect
Tuesday, February 9, 2010
Friday, February 5, 2010
Diseases Associated with Obesity
Type II Diabetes
The pancreas glands secretes insulin and binds to the receptors to allow glucose into cells. In type II diabetes, a person body cells are more resistant to insulin or the pancreas works harder and eventually is prone insulin fatigue resulting in low insulin production; thus, reducing the amount of glucose that enters the cells. The glucose that do not enter the cells build up in the blood stream, leaving high blood glucose levels.
Hypertension
There are many factors leading to hypertension: heredity, diet, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, excessive alcohol and salt. Arterioles allow blood to flow freely and exerts little pressure. When the vessels squeeze, it increases the pressure and when blood is moved throughout the arteries at high pressure, it can damage the walls.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries are clogged by plaque. If someone has hypertension, the artery walls can tear, enabling cholesterol and other debris to enter. The white blood cells or macrophages try to clean up but end up absorbing too much, becoming a cholesterol-filled foam. As time passes, it multiplies and form into a plaque.
Heart Attack
The process of Atherosclerosis forming combined with hypertension causes most problems of a heart attack. The plaque build up from behind artery walls burst, and leaks large clots into the blood stream. The clots flow downstream blocking an artery leading to the heart, resulting in a dead heart muscle.
Stroke
Strokes usually occur to people who have a history of high cholesterol or high blood pressure. One type of stroke that can occur is when blood flow is obstructed towards the brain, incapable of the brain of what they need, the lack of oxygen. Another type of stroke is when a blood vessel ruptures in the brain, clotting and adding pressure on the brain depending on where the cerebral area affected is. Ultimately, brain cells become damaged or die and also have a major impact on the body such as paralysis or memory problems.
The pancreas glands secretes insulin and binds to the receptors to allow glucose into cells. In type II diabetes, a person body cells are more resistant to insulin or the pancreas works harder and eventually is prone insulin fatigue resulting in low insulin production; thus, reducing the amount of glucose that enters the cells. The glucose that do not enter the cells build up in the blood stream, leaving high blood glucose levels.
Hypertension
There are many factors leading to hypertension: heredity, diet, smoking, lack of exercise, stress, excessive alcohol and salt. Arterioles allow blood to flow freely and exerts little pressure. When the vessels squeeze, it increases the pressure and when blood is moved throughout the arteries at high pressure, it can damage the walls.
Atherosclerosis
Atherosclerosis is a disease where arteries are clogged by plaque. If someone has hypertension, the artery walls can tear, enabling cholesterol and other debris to enter. The white blood cells or macrophages try to clean up but end up absorbing too much, becoming a cholesterol-filled foam. As time passes, it multiplies and form into a plaque.
Heart Attack
The process of Atherosclerosis forming combined with hypertension causes most problems of a heart attack. The plaque build up from behind artery walls burst, and leaks large clots into the blood stream. The clots flow downstream blocking an artery leading to the heart, resulting in a dead heart muscle.
Stroke
Strokes usually occur to people who have a history of high cholesterol or high blood pressure. One type of stroke that can occur is when blood flow is obstructed towards the brain, incapable of the brain of what they need, the lack of oxygen. Another type of stroke is when a blood vessel ruptures in the brain, clotting and adding pressure on the brain depending on where the cerebral area affected is. Ultimately, brain cells become damaged or die and also have a major impact on the body such as paralysis or memory problems.
Thursday, February 4, 2010
Enzymes
1: Enzymes are
b. proteins.
2: Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
c. substrate
3: Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
d. E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
4: An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.
b. False
5: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
b. False
b. proteins.
2: Which of the following binds to the active site of an enzyme?
c. substrate
3: Which of the following correctly represents the mechanism of enzyme function?
d. E + S -> E-S -> E-P -> E + P
4: An enzyme can only bind one reactant at a time.
b. False
5: An enzyme speeds up a chemical reaction in the cell, but can only be used once.
b. False
Nutrition & Cells
1. What are the differences between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic molecules and both water soluble and fat soluble, while minerals are inorganic and only water soluble.
2. What are free radicals? How does the body protect itself from them?
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that come from either the enviornment or leftover from metabolism and are harmful to DNA. The body protects itself from free radicals by producing anti-oxidants which are gained from whole foods.
3. What are essential amino acids and essential fatty acids?
The amount of amino and fatty acids that the body can produce are limited, therefore the remains amino and fatty acids that the body does not produce must be received from the diet, and those you must get from the diets are called essential amino acids and essential fatty acids.
4. What is hydrogenation? How does it affect the chemical structure of fats?
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen gas to unsaturated fats under pressure. It affects the chemical structure in how the hydrogen bonds to the carbon atoms such as trans-fats.
5. What is the difference between Bacteria and bacteria?
Lower case 'b' in bacteria is a synonym for the Prokaryotic cells and capital 'B' in Bacteria is a classification of the group within Prokaryotes.
6. Which organelles are found in all cells?
Plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
7. What is a concentration gradient? What role does it play in osmosis? Facilitated diffusion? Active transport?
A concentration gradient is the concentration of molecules between a high and low concentration.
8. Where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Cellular respiration occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells and in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
9. What components are found in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells but have different structural characteristics? Describe these differences.
DNA - prokaryotic cells are linear or circular, contained in the nucleoid; eukaryotic cells are always linear contained in nucleus and are chromatin when relaxed, chromosomes when condensed (super coiled)
Ribosome - 70 in prokaryotic 80 in eukaryotic
10. Where are the following manufactured: proteins? ribosomes? lipids?
Proteins; manufactured in the rough ER
Ribosomes; in the nucleolus
Lipids; in the smooth ER
11. What are the three types of endocytosis? How do they differ from one another?
Phagocytosis - digests solids
Pinocytosis - disgests liquids
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - only form when certain proteins are locked into the receptors
12. Name three cellular components that contain microtubules. Which types of cells do these occur in?
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells.
13. What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The concept that mitochondria and chloroplats originated from symbiotic bacteria.
14. What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? How do they differ from one another?
They are both energy producers from the cell; mitochondria uses cellular respiration and chloroplasts uses photosynthesis.
15. What is the differences between lysosomes and peroxisomes?
Lysosomes break down materials ingested by the cell using hydrolytic enzymes. They also remove old cellular components and replace with newer ones.
Peroxisomes are responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide within a cell and are used to break down fats into usable molecules, as well as catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver.
16. How does bacterial DNA differ from eukaryotic DNA?
Shape; bacterial DNA are circular and eukaryotic DNA are linear
17. Name two prokaryotic cell components that help bacteria cling to surfaces?
Glycocalyx
Fimbria
Vitamins are organic molecules and both water soluble and fat soluble, while minerals are inorganic and only water soluble.
2. What are free radicals? How does the body protect itself from them?
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that come from either the enviornment or leftover from metabolism and are harmful to DNA. The body protects itself from free radicals by producing anti-oxidants which are gained from whole foods.
3. What are essential amino acids and essential fatty acids?
The amount of amino and fatty acids that the body can produce are limited, therefore the remains amino and fatty acids that the body does not produce must be received from the diet, and those you must get from the diets are called essential amino acids and essential fatty acids.
4. What is hydrogenation? How does it affect the chemical structure of fats?
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen gas to unsaturated fats under pressure. It affects the chemical structure in how the hydrogen bonds to the carbon atoms such as trans-fats.
5. What is the difference between Bacteria and bacteria?
Lower case 'b' in bacteria is a synonym for the Prokaryotic cells and capital 'B' in Bacteria is a classification of the group within Prokaryotes.
6. Which organelles are found in all cells?
Plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes
7. What is a concentration gradient? What role does it play in osmosis? Facilitated diffusion? Active transport?
A concentration gradient is the concentration of molecules between a high and low concentration.
8. Where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Cellular respiration occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells and in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.
9. What components are found in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells but have different structural characteristics? Describe these differences.
DNA - prokaryotic cells are linear or circular, contained in the nucleoid; eukaryotic cells are always linear contained in nucleus and are chromatin when relaxed, chromosomes when condensed (super coiled)
Ribosome - 70 in prokaryotic 80 in eukaryotic
10. Where are the following manufactured: proteins? ribosomes? lipids?
Proteins; manufactured in the rough ER
Ribosomes; in the nucleolus
Lipids; in the smooth ER
11. What are the three types of endocytosis? How do they differ from one another?
Phagocytosis - digests solids
Pinocytosis - disgests liquids
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - only form when certain proteins are locked into the receptors
12. Name three cellular components that contain microtubules. Which types of cells do these occur in?
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells.
13. What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The concept that mitochondria and chloroplats originated from symbiotic bacteria.
14. What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? How do they differ from one another?
They are both energy producers from the cell; mitochondria uses cellular respiration and chloroplasts uses photosynthesis.
15. What is the differences between lysosomes and peroxisomes?
Lysosomes break down materials ingested by the cell using hydrolytic enzymes. They also remove old cellular components and replace with newer ones.
Peroxisomes are responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide within a cell and are used to break down fats into usable molecules, as well as catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver.
16. How does bacterial DNA differ from eukaryotic DNA?
Shape; bacterial DNA are circular and eukaryotic DNA are linear
17. Name two prokaryotic cell components that help bacteria cling to surfaces?
Glycocalyx
Fimbria
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