Cellular Respiration & Photosynthesis

1. What happens to radiant energy that reaches earth from the sun?
It is either absorbed into the Earth's surface or reflects from the Earth's atmosphere or surface, going into space.

2. Name four greenhouse gasses in addition to water vapor.
Carbon dioxide
Chlorofluorocarbons
Methane
Nitrous Oxide

3. How do water vapor and greenhouse gasses contribute to earth’s climate?
Water vapor absorbs some heat energy and greenhouse gasses retains heat on the Earth's surface, and both combined helps keep the climate in control, except in instances of excess of one kind, such as global warming.

4. What are four sources of carbon dioxide?
Aerobic respiration
Pressure and heat from decaying matter into fossil fuels
Human pollution (technology converting fossil fuels)
Volcanoes, living organisms

5. Name three reservoirs for carbon dioxide in addition to the atmosphere.
Living organisms, bodies of water, and soil

6. What are fossil fuels? How are they made?
Fossil fuels are buried remains of ancient plants and microorganisms transformed(made) through heat and pressure for coal, oil and natural gas.

7. Where do plants get the carbon they need to build sugars?
From the CO2 in the Earth's atmosphere

8. Where do animals get the carbon they need to synthesize ATP?
Eating plants

9. How has the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere changed over the past 100 years? What effect has this had on the planet’s overall climate?
The rate in which it is increasing, has changed drastically, in a negative aspect; the effect is the increase of the Earth's temperature, therefore global warming.

10. What is the difference in the chemical structure between ADP and ATP?
ADP has 2 Phosphorous bases while ATP has 3 bases

11. How does ATP transfer energy to parts of a cell?
Phosphorylation

12. What is the difference between aerobic respiration and anaerobic respiration?
One of the respiration requires Oxygen (aerobic), while the other does not (anaerobic)

13. Where do glycolysis, the citric acid cycle, chemiosmosis, and the light and dark reactions of photosynthesis occur in cells?
Mitochondria or Chloroplast of a eukaryotic cell.

14. What are the final products of glycolysis? (don’t forget the energy carriers)
2 Pyruvic acids, 2 NADH's, and net gain of 2 ATPs

15. What molecule enters the citric acid cycle? (hint: it’s not pyruvic acid)
Acetyl-CoA

16. What are the final products of the citric acid cycle?
3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 1 GTP and 2CO2 per pyruvate

17. Where does the electron transport chain get energy from to move H+ ions across the membrane into the inner membrane space?
When an electron is picked up by a protein/handed off to another, it changes shape, and this facilitates the movment of hydrogen ions from the matrix to the intermembrane space.

18. Why is oxygen needed for aerobic respiration?
The final electron receptor after breaking down glucose is Oxygen (for the H+ ions) to bond to form H2O

19. How is ATP generated via chemiosmosis? (be sure to explain the role of ATP synthase in your answer)
As hydrogen rush along its concentration gradient through ATP synthase, it uses the energy(oxidative
phosphorylation( of to produce ATP. 3ATPs per NADH and 2ATPs per FADH2

20. How many ATP are produced per NADH? Per FADH2?
3ATPs per NADH and 2ATPs per FADH2

21. How many total ATP are produced from a single glucose molecule during glycolysis followed by aerobic respiration?
38

22. What part of proteins can be metabolized for energy?
Amino acids

23. What part of lipids can be metabolized for energy?
Fatty acids and Glycerol

24. What is the purpose of fermentation? What would happen to cells if they were somehow prevented from doing it?
To oxidize the NADH carriers from glycolysis; if they were prevented from doing fermentation, the glycolysis would stop completely

25. What are stomata? What type of cells make them up?
Stomata are pores on the surface of leaves that allow gas exchange (entry for CO2 and release of O2); are made up of guard cells

26. Where does the energy come from for the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis? Where in chloroplasts do these reactions occur?
Photons of light (mainly the sun); light-dependent reactions occur in the thylakoids

27. How do the energy carrier molecules synthesized during the light-dependent reactions of photosynthesis compare to those synthesized during cellular respiration?
Similar, except the molecule NADPH, rather than NADH.

28. Where in chloroplasts are glucose molecules synthesized? What process is responsible for their synthesis?
Stroma; Calvin cycle

29. Why is water necessary for photosynthesis? Why is carbon dioxide necessary? Why is sunlight necessary?
Water or H2O is required for the replacement of hydrogen ions along the electron transport chain.
Carbon dioxide is the core molecule to convert into sugars.
Sunlight's solar energy is used for chemical energy

30. How are rubisco and oxaloacetate similar?
Rubisco and Oxaloacetate are similar in that they both are catalysts in the beginning of either the Calvin or Kreb cycle

31. What is transpiration?
Water moving out of the plant via stomatal openings

32. Which types of plants are most vulnerable to photorespiration? Why?
C3 plants; prevention of CO2 from entering which causes photosynthesis to decline.

33. Why are C3 plants better adapted to cool, shady environments while C4 plants are better adapted to hot, sunny environments?
At high temperatures, C3 have reduced photosynthesis ands close their stomata to reduce the rate of water lost; C4 carry an extra enzyme which avoids photorespiration and continues to make sugars

34. Why is growth limited in CAM plants?
In CAM plants, the stomata opens only at night, therefore the CO2 that enters can not immediately be used because it requires energy from the sun for photosynthesis.

35. How does deforestation contribute to global warming?
Reduction of plants increase the amount CO2 in the atmosphere, since there will be less plants to take in the CO2

36. What role does the United States play in global warming?
The US is the largest nation contributing to the greenhouse effect