Nutrition & Cells

1. What are the differences between vitamins and minerals?
Vitamins are organic molecules and both water soluble and fat soluble, while minerals are inorganic and only water soluble.

2. What are free radicals? How does the body protect itself from them?
Free radicals are highly reactive molecules that come from either the enviornment or leftover from metabolism and are harmful to DNA. The body protects itself from free radicals by producing anti-oxidants which are gained from whole foods.

3. What are essential amino acids and essential fatty acids?
The amount of amino and fatty acids that the body can produce are limited, therefore the remains amino and fatty acids that the body does not produce must be received from the diet, and those you must get from the diets are called essential amino acids and essential fatty acids.

4. What is hydrogenation? How does it affect the chemical structure of fats?
Hydrogenation is the process of adding hydrogen gas to unsaturated fats under pressure. It affects the chemical structure in how the hydrogen bonds to the carbon atoms such as trans-fats.

5. What is the difference between Bacteria and bacteria?
Lower case 'b' in bacteria is a synonym for the Prokaryotic cells and capital 'B' in Bacteria is a classification of the group within Prokaryotes.

6. Which organelles are found in all cells?
Plasma membrane, DNA, and ribosomes

7. What is a concentration gradient? What role does it play in osmosis? Facilitated diffusion? Active transport?
A concentration gradient is the concentration of molecules between a high and low concentration.

8. Where does cellular respiration occur in prokaryotes and eukaryotes?
Cellular respiration occurs in the plasma membrane of prokaryotic cells and in the mitochondria of eukaryotic cells.

9. What components are found in both prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells but have different structural characteristics? Describe these differences.
DNA - prokaryotic cells are linear or circular, contained in the nucleoid; eukaryotic cells are always linear contained in nucleus and are chromatin when relaxed, chromosomes when condensed (super coiled)
Ribosome - 70 in prokaryotic 80 in eukaryotic

10. Where are the following manufactured: proteins? ribosomes? lipids?
Proteins; manufactured in the rough ER
Ribosomes; in the nucleolus
Lipids; in the smooth ER

11. What are the three types of endocytosis? How do they differ from one another?
Phagocytosis - digests solids
Pinocytosis - disgests liquids
Receptor-mediated endocytosis - only form when certain proteins are locked into the receptors

12. Name three cellular components that contain microtubules. Which types of cells do these occur in?
Cytoskeleton, centrioles, and cilia and flagella of eukaryotic cells.

13. What is the endosymbiotic theory?
The concept that mitochondria and chloroplats originated from symbiotic bacteria.

14. What do mitochondria and chloroplasts have in common? How do they differ from one another?
They are both energy producers from the cell; mitochondria uses cellular respiration and chloroplasts uses photosynthesis.

15. What is the differences between lysosomes and peroxisomes?
Lysosomes break down materials ingested by the cell using hydrolytic enzymes. They also remove old cellular components and replace with newer ones.
Peroxisomes are responsible for the creation of hydrogen peroxide within a cell and are used to break down fats into usable molecules, as well as catalyze detoxification reactions in the liver.

16. How does bacterial DNA differ from eukaryotic DNA?
Shape; bacterial DNA are circular and eukaryotic DNA are linear

17. Name two prokaryotic cell components that help bacteria cling to surfaces?
Glycocalyx
Fimbria